• Contents
• O'Malley's political interviews
• Padraig O'Malley
• Pre-Transition (1902-1989)
• Transition (1990 - 1994)
  • Chronologies
    • 1990
    • 1991
    • 1992
    • 1993
    • 1994
  • Constitution Making
    • CODESA
      • ANC Debate - Strategic Perspectives
      • Reports and Agreements reached in CODESA
        • Structure of CODESA I
        • The Composition of CODESA
        • Declaration of Intent - 21 December 1991
        • Report of working group 1 to CODESA 2
        • Report of working group 3 to CODESA 2
        • Report of working group 4 to CODESA 2
        • Constitution making with reference to CODESA, Namibia and Zimbabwe
        • Report on the Bi-Lateral talks deadlock between the S.A Regime and the PAC of Azania
        • Reasons for CODESA deadlock - Provisional Framework
        • Report on CODESA Agreements
        • The South African Transition
        • Schoeman on CODESA, Rolling Mass Action, Fall of Bop
        • Goldstone Commission on Allegations of SADF funding of Violence in Townships
        • Springbok in a thunderstorm
        • Statement by Mr F W De Klerk, Leader of the National Party
      • Interim Constitution of the Republic of South Africa
        • Introduction
        • Preamble
        • Chapter 1 - Constituent and Formal Provisions
        • Chapter 2 - Citizenship and Franchise
        • Chapter 3 - Fundamental Rights
        • Chapter 4 - Parliament
        • Chapter 5 - The Adoption of the New Constitution
        • Chapter 6 - The National Executive
        • Chapter 7 - The Judicial Authority And The Administration Of Justice
        • Chapter 8 - The Public Protector, Human Rights Commission, Commission on Gender Issues and Restitution of Land Rights
        • Chapter 9 - Provincial Government
        • Chapter 10 - Local Government
        • Chapter 11 - Traditional Authorities
        • Chapter 11A - Volkstaat Council
        • Chapter 12 - Finance
        • Chapter 13 - Public Service Commission And Public Service
        • Chapter 14 - South African Police Service
        • Chapter 15 - General and Transitional Provisions
        • Index
          • Schedule 1 - Definitions of Provinces
          • Schedule 2 - System For Election Of National Assembly And Provincial Legislatures
          • Schedule 3 - Oaths Of Office And Solemn Affirmations
          • Schedule 4 - Constitutional Principles
          • Schedule 5 - Procedure For Election Of President
          • Schedule 6 - Legislative Competences Of Provinces
          • Schedule 7 - Repeal of Legislation
    • The Mandela / De Klerk Memorandum
      • Memorandum from Nelson Mandela to F. W. de Klerk 26 June 1992
      • De Klerk's reply to Nelson Mandela 2 July 1992
      • Nelson Mandela's reply to F. W. De Klerk 9 July 1992
      • Record of Understanding 26 September 1992
    • MPNP
      • MPNP Structures
      • Multi-Party Negotiation Process leading to Constitution
      • First Report of the Technical Committee on the Transitional Executive Council 13 May 1993
      • Views on a Constitution-Making Body
      • Plenary Session of the Multi-Party Negotiating Process
  • Documents and Reports
    • 1990
      • F. W. de Klerk's speech at the opening of Parliament 2 February 1990
      • The Groote Schuur Minute 4 May 1990
      • The Pretoria Minute 6 August 1990
      • Report - Working group established under paragraph 1 of the Groote Schuur Minute i.
    • 1991
      • The D. F. Malan Accord 12 February 1991
      • Joint statement by the State President, Mr F. W. de Klerk, and Mr Nelson Mandela, Deputy President of the African National Congress
      • Advance to national democracy: guidelines on strategy and tactics of the ANC
      • CODESA I - Declaration of Intent - 21 December 1991
    • 1992
      • Memorandum from Nelson Mandela to F. W. de Klerk 26 June 1992
      • Record of Understanding 26 September 1992
    • 1993
      • Statement By Mr. Thabo Mbeki, Representative ANC Of South Africa, At The General Assembly Of The UN, December 13, 19931
      • Resolution on the need for the resumption of multi-party negotiations 5 March 1993
    • 1994
      • Amnesty International Statement to UN
      • Election results
      • Accord on Afrikaner self-determination 23 April 1994
      • Memorandum of agreement for reconciliation and peace between the IFP/Kwazulu government and the ANC and the South African government/NP 19 April 1994
      • Constitutional principles
      • The Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP)
    • Chronology of Documents and Reports
  • Elections 1994
    • Amnesty International Statement to UN
    • The 1994 Elections
    • Election Ballot
    • Election Results
  • Events during Transition
    • Bisho Massacre
      • Bisho case: Ciskei troops acquitted
      • Evidence that Ciskei massacre was planned
      • Nelson Mandela's Statement on the Bisho Massacre
      • The Bisho massacre - TRC Report Extract
    • Boipatong Massacre
      • Alleged police complicity in political violence - Boipatong
      • Boipatong Massacre - TRC Report Extract
      • Memorandum on Attempts to Prevent the Boipatong Massacre
      • Boipatong: South Africa's founding myth
      • The Boipatong massacre revisited
      • Statement of the Emergency Meeting of the National Executive Committee of the ANC 23 June 1992
      • Waddington Report
      • Piers Pigou from Boipatong
      • Response - Piers Pigou from Boipatong
    • Chris Hani Assassination
      • Mandela - Address to the Nation
      • An assassination that nearly sparked civil war
      • Apartheid Foe Hani Slain in South Africa
      • Mandela - 'Nothing will stop us!'
      • SACP Statement on Re-opening of Media Interest in 1997
      • TRC findings and other related pieces
      • Hani Assassination raised in UK parliament
    • Collapse of Bophututswana
      • Bophuthatswana - TRC Report Extract
      • 12 Mar 1997: General Constand Viljoen in Cape Town
      • 30 Nov 1999: General George Meiring in Pretoria
      • 13 Dec 1999: Pik Botha in Pretoria
      • 07 Nov 2001: Pik Botha
      • 08 Nov 2001: General George Meiring in Pretoria
      • 10 Dec 2001: General Constand Viljoen
      • 26 Feb 2002: General George Meiring
      • Mac Maharaj on the fall of Bophuthatswana
• Post-Transition (1994 - 1999)
• Transformation (1999-)
• General Information
• Mac Maharaj

This resource is hosted by the Nelson Mandela Foundation, but was compiled and authored by Padraig O’Malley. It is the product of almost two decades of research and includes analyses, chronologies, historical documents, and interviews from the apartheid and post-apartheid eras.

Schedule 4 - Constitutional Principles

[Schedule 4 amended by s. 13 of Act 2 of 1994 and by s. 2 of Act 3 of 1994.]

I

The Constitution of South Africa shall provide for the establishment of one sovereign state, a common South African citizenship and a democratic system of government committed to achieving equality between men and women and people of all races.

II

Everyone shall enjoy all universally accepted fundamental rights, freedoms and civil liberties, which shall be provided for and protected by entrenched and justiciable provisions in the Constitution, which shall be drafted after having given due consideration to inter alia the fundamental rights contained in Chapter 3 of this Constitution.

III

The Constitution shall prohibit racial, gender and all other forms of discrimination and shall promote racial and gender equality and national unity.

IV

The Constitution shall be the supreme law of the land. It shall be binding on all organs of state at all levels of government.

V

The legal system shall ensure the equality of all before the law and an equitable legal process. Equality before the law includes laws, programmes or activities that have as their object the amelioration of the conditions of the disadvantaged, including those disadvantaged on the grounds of race, colour or gender.

VI

There shall be a separation of powers between the legislature, executive and judiciary, with appropriate checks and balances to ensure accountability, responsiveness and openness.

VII

The judiciary shall be appropriately qualified, independent and impartial and shall have the power and jurisdiction to safeguard and enforce the Constitution and all fundamental rights.

VIII

There shall be representative government embracing multi-party democracy, regular elections, universal adult suffrage, a common voters' roll, and, in general, proportional representation.

IX

Provision shall be made for freedom of information so that there can be open and accountable administration at all levels of government.

X

Formal legislative procedures shall be adhered to by legislative organs at all levels of government.

XI

The diversity of language and culture shall be acknowledged and protected, and conditions for their promotion shall be encouraged.

XII

Collective rights of self-determination in forming, joining and maintaining organs of civil society, including linguistic, cultural and religious associations, shall, on the basis of non-discrimination and free association, be recognised and protected.

XIII

1. The institution, status and role of traditional leadership, according to indigenous law, shall be recognised and protected in the Constitution. Indigenous law, like common law, shall be recognised and applied by the courts, subject to the fundamental rights contained in the Constitution and to legislation dealing specifically therewith.

2. Provisions in a provincial constitution relating to the institution, role, authority and status of a traditional monarch shall be recognised and protected in the Constitution .

[Constitutional Principle XIII substituted by s. 2 of Act 3 of 1994.]

XIV

Provision shall be made for participation of minority political parties in the legislative process in a manner consistent with democracy.

XV

Amendments to the Constitution shall require special procedures involving special majorities.

XVI

Government shall be structured at national, provincial and local levels.

XVII

At each level of government there shall be democratic representation. This principle shall not derogate from the provisions of Principle XIII.

XVIII

1. The powers and functions of the national government and provincial governments and the boundaries of the provinces shall be defined in the Constitution.

2. The powers and functions of the provinces defined in the Constitution, including the competence of a provincial legislature to adopt a constitution for its province, shall not be substantially less than or substantially inferior to those provided for in this Constitution.

3. The boundaries of the provinces shall be the same as those established in terms of this Constitution.

4. Amendments to the Constitution which alter the powers, boundaries, functions or institutions of provinces shall in addition to any other procedures specified in the Constitution for constitutional amendments, require the approval of a special majority of the legislatures of the provinces, alternatively, if there is such a chamber, a two-thirds majority of a chamber of Parliament composed of provincial representatives, and if the amendment concerns specific provinces only, the approval of the legislatures of such provinces will also be needed.

5. Provision shall be made for obtaining the views of a provincial legislature concerning all constitutional amendments regarding its powers, boundaries and functions.

[Constitutional Principle XVIII substituted by s. 13 (a) of Act 2 of 1994.]

XIX

The powers and functions at the national and provincial levels of government shall include exclusive and concurrent powers as well as the power to perform functions for other levels of government on an agency or delegation basis.

XX

Each level of government shall have appropriate and adequate legislative and executive powers and functions that will enable each level to function effectively. The allocation of powers between different levels of government shall be made on a basis which is conducive to financial viability at each level of government and to effective public administration, and which recognises the need for and promotes national unity and legitimate provincial autonomy and acknowledges cultural diversity.

XXI

The following criteria shall be applied in the allocation of powers to the national government and the provincial governments:

1. The level at which decisions can be taken most effectively in respect of the quality and rendering of services, shall be the level responsible and accountable for the quality and the rendering of the services, and such level shall accordingly be empowered by the Constitution to do so.

2. Where it is necessary for the maintenance of essential national standards, for the establishment of minimum standards required for the rendering of services, the maintenance of economic unity, the maintenance of national security or the prevention of unreasonable action taken by one province which is prejudicial to the interests of another province or the country as a whole, the Constitution shall empower the national government to intervene through legislation or such other steps as may be defined in the Constitution.

3. Where there is necessity for South Africa to speak with one voice, or to act as a single entity- in particular in relation to other states- powers should be allocated to the national government.

4. Where uniformity across the nation is required for a particular function, the legislative power over that function should be allocated predominantly, if not wholly, to the national government.

5. The determination of national economic policies, and the power to promote interprovincial commerce and to protect the common market in respect of the mobility of goods, services, capital and labour, should be allocated to the national government.

6. Provincial governments shall have powers, either exclusively or concurrently with the national government, inter alia-

a. for the purposes of provincial planning and development and the rendering of services; and

b. in respect of aspects of government dealing with specific socio-economic and cultural needs and the general well-being of the inhabitants of the province.

7. Where mutual co-operation is essential or desirable or where it is required to guarantee equality of opportunity or access to a government service, the powers should be allocated concurrently to the national government and the provincial governments.

8. The Constitution shall specify how powers which are not specifically allocated in the Constitution to the national government or to a provincial government, shall be dealt with as necessary ancillary powers pertaining to the powers and functions allocated either to the national government or provincial governments.

XXII

The national government shall not exercise its powers (exclusive or concurrent) so as to encroach upon the geographical, functional or institutional integrity of the provinces.

XXIII

In the event of a dispute concerning the legislative powers allocated by the Constitution concurrently to the national government and provincial governments which cannot be resolved by a court on a construction of the Constitution, precedence shall be given to the legislative powers of the national government.

XXIV

A framework for local government powers, functions and structures shall be set out in the Constitution. The comprehensive powers, functions and other features of local government shall be set out in parliamentary statutes or in provincial legislation or in both.

XXV

The national government and provincial governments shall have fiscal powers and functions which will be defined in the Constitution. The framework for local government referred to in Principle XXIV shall make provision for appropriate fiscal powers and functions for different categories of local government.

XXVI

Each level of government shall have a constitutional right to an equitable share of revenue collected nationally so as to ensure that provinces and local governments are able to provide basic services and execute the functions allocated to them.

XXVII

A Financial and Fiscal Commission, in which each province shall be represented, shall recommend equitable fiscal and financial allocations to the provincial and local governments from revenue collected nationally, after taking into account the national interest, economic disparities between the provinces as well as the population and developmental needs, administrative responsibilities and other legitimate interests of each of the provinces.

XXVIII

Notwithstanding the provisions of Principle XII, the right of employers and employees to join and form employer organisations and trade unions and to engage in collective bargaining shall be recognised and protected. Provision shall be made that every person shall have the right to fair labour practices.

XXIX

The independence and impartiality of a Public Service Commission, a Reserve Bank, an Auditor-General and a Public Protector shall be provided for and safeguarded by the Constitution in the interests of the maintenance of effective public finance and administration and a high standard of professional ethics in the public service.

XXX

1. There shall be an efficient, non-partisan, career-orientated public service broadly representative of the South African community, functioning on a basis of fairness and which shall serve all members or the public in an unbiased and impartial manner, and shall, in the exercise of its powers and in compliance with its duties, loyally execute the lawful policies of the government of the day in the performance of its administrative functions. The structures and functioning of the public service, as well as the terms and conditions of service of its members, shall be regulated by law.

2. Every member of the public service shall be entitled to a fair pension.

XXXI

Every member of the security forces (police, military and intelligence), and the security forces as a whole, shall be required to perform their functions and exercise their powers in the national interest and shall be prohibited from furthering or prejudicing party political interest.

XXXII

The Constitution shall provide that until 30 April 1999 the national executive shall be composed and shall function substantially in the manner provided for in Chapter 6 of this Constitution.

XXXIII

The Constitution shall provide that, unless Parliament is dissolved on account of its passing a vote of no-confidence in the Cabinet, no national election shall be held before 30 April 1999.

XXXIV

1. This Schedule and the recognition therein of the right of the South African people as a whole to self-determination, shall not be construed as precluding, within the framework of the said right, constitutional provision for a notion of the right to self-determination by any community sharing a common cultural and language heritage, whether in a territorial entity within the Republic or in any other recognised way.

2. The Constitution may give expression to any particular form of self-determination provided there is substantial proven support within the community concerned for such a form of self-determination.

3. If a territorial entity referred to in paragraph 1 is established in terms of this Constitution before the new constitutional text is adopted, the new Constitution shall entrench the continuation of such territorial entity, including its structures, powers and functions.

[Constitutional Principle XXXIV added by s. 13 (b) of Act 2 of 1994.]